WxMaxima is a graphical user interface (GUI) for the Maxima computer algebra system (CAS). WxMaxima allows one to use all of _Maxima_âs functions. In addition, it provides convenient wizards for accessing the most commonly used features. This manual describes some of the features that make wxMaxima one of the most popular GUIs for Maxima.
In the open-source domain, big systems are normally split into smaller projects that are easier to handle for small groups of developers. For example a CD burner program will consist of a command-line tool that actually burns the CD and a graphical user interface that allows users to implement it without having to learn about all the command line switches and in fact without using the command line at all. One advantage of this approach is that the developing work that was invested into the command-line program can be shared by many programs: The same CD-burner command-line program can be used as a âsend-to-CDâ-plug-in for a file manager application, for the âburn to CDâ function of a music player and as the CD writer for a DVD backup tool. Another advantage is that splitting one big task into smaller parts allows the developers to provide several user interfaces for the same program.
A computer algebra system (CAS) like Maxima fits into this framework. A CAS can provide the logic behind an arbitrary precision calculator application or it can do automatic transforms of formulas in the background of a bigger system (e.g., Sage). Alternatively, it can be used directly as a free-standing system. Maxima can be accessed via a command line. Often, however, an interface like wxMaxima proves a more efficient way to access the software, especially for newcomers.
Maxima tam özellikli bir ‘Sembolik’ olarak ta çalışabilen bir bilgisayar cebir sistemidir (BCS). Bir BCS, formülleri yeniden düzenleyerek ve sadece sonucun sayısal değerini çıkarmanın aksine problemi çözen bir formül bularak (sembolik ifadeler ile) matematiksel problemleri çözebilen bir programdır. Başka bir deyişle, Maxima değişkenlerin sayısal değerlerini veren bir hesap makinesi olarak kullanılabilir ve analitik çözümler de sağlayabilir. Ayrıca, analitik olarak çözülemeyen denklemler veya denklem sistemleri için bir dizi sayısal analiz yöntemi sunar.
Extensive documentation for Maxima is available in the internet. Part of this documentation is also available in wxMaximaâs help menu. Pressing the Help key (on most systems the F1 key) causes _wxMaxima_âs context-sensitive help feature to automatically jump to _Maxima_âs manual page for the command at the cursor.
WxMaxima is a graphical user interface that provides the full functionality and flexibility of Maxima. WxMaxima offers users a graphical display and many features that make working with Maxima easier. For example wxMaxima allows one to export any cellâs contents (or, if that is needed, any part of a formula, as well) as text, as LaTeX or as MathML specification at a simple right-click. Indeed, an entire workbook can be exported, either as a HTML file or as a LaTeX file. Documentation for wxMaxima, including workbooks to illustrate aspects of its use, is online at the wxMaxima help site, as well as via the help menu.
WxMaxima içine girilen hesaplamalar, arka planda Maxima komut satırı aracı tarafından gerçekleştirilir.
Much of wxMaxima is self-explaining, but some details require attention. This site contains a number of workbooks that address various aspects of wxMaxima. Working through some of these (particularly the “10 minute (wx)Maxima tutorial”) will increase oneâs familiarity with both the content of Maxima and the use of wxMaxima to interact with Maxima. This manual concentrates on describing aspects of wxMaxima that are not likely to be self-evident and that might not be covered in the online material.
One of the very few things that are not standard in wxMaxima is that it organizes the data for Maxima into cells that are evaluated (which means: sent to Maxima) only when the user requests this. When a cell is evaluated, all commands in that cell, and only that cell, are evaluated as a batch. (The preceding statement is not quite accurate: One can select a set of adjacent cells and evaluate them together. Also, one can instruct Maxima to evaluate all cells in a workbook in one pass.) _WxMaxima_âs approach to submitting commands for execution might feel unfamiliar at the first sight. It does, however, drastically ease work with big documents (where the user does not want every change to automatically trigger a full re-evaluation of the whole document). Also, this approach is very handy for debugging.
If text is typed into wxMaxima it automatically creates a new worksheet cell. The type of this cell can be selected in the toolbar. If a code cell is created the cell can be sent to Maxima, which causes the result of the calculation to be displayed below the code. A pair of such commands is shown below.
On evaluation of an input cellâs contents the input cell Maxima assigns a label to the input (by default shown in red and recognizable by the %i
) by which it can be referenced later in the wxMaxima session. The output that Maxima generates also gets a label that begins with %o
and by default is hidden, except if the user assigns the output a name. In this case by default the user-defined label is displayed. The %o
-style label Maxima auto-generates will also be accessible, though.
Besides the input cells wxMaxima allows for text cells for documentation, image cells, title cells, chapter cells and section cells. Every cell has its own undo buffer so debugging by changing the values of several cells and then gradually reverting the unneeded changes is rather easy. Furthermore the worksheet itself has a global undo buffer that can undo cell edits, adds and deletes.
The figure below shows different cell types (title cells, section cells, subsection cells, text cells, input/output cells and image cells).
The worksheet is organized in cells. WxMaxima knows the following cell types:
The default behavior of wxMaxima when text is entered is to automatically create a math cell. Cells of other types can be created using the Cell menu, using the hot keys shown in the menu or using the drop-down list in the toolbar. Once the non-math cell is created, whatever is typed into the file is interpreted as text.
A (C-style) comment text can be part of a math cell as follows: /* This comment will be ignored by Maxima */
“/*
” marks the start of the comment, “*/
” the end.
If the user tries to select a complete sentence, a word processor will try to extend the selection to automatically begin and end with a word boundary. Likewise, if more than one cell is selected, wxMaxima will extend the selection to whole cells.
What isnât standard is that wxMaxima provides drag-and-drop flexibility by defining two types of cursors. WxMaxima will switch between them automatically when needed:
When you start wxMaxima, you will only see the blinking horizontal cursor. If you start typing, a math cell will be automatically created and the cursor will change to a regular vertical one (you will see a right arrow as “prompt”, after the Math cell is evaluated (CTRL+ENTER), you will see the labels, e.g. (%i1)
, (%o1)
).
You might want to create a different cell type (using the “Cell” menu), maybe a title cell or text cell, which describes, what will be done, when you start creating your worksheet.
If you navigate between the different cells, you will also see the (blinking) horizontal cursor, where you can insert a cell into your worksheet (either a math cell, by just start typing your formula - or a different cell type using the menu).
The command in a code cell is executed once by pressing CTRL+ENTER, SHIFT+ENTER or the ENTER key on the keypad. The wxMaxima default is to enter commands when either CTRL+ENTER or SHIFT+ENTER is entered, but wxMaxima can be configured to execute commands in response to ENTER.
WxMaxima contains an autocompletion feature that is triggered via the menu (Cell/Complete Word) or alternatively by pressing the key combination CTRL+SPACE. The autocompletion is context-sensitive. For example, if activated within a unit specification for ezUnits it will offer a list of applicable units.
Besides completing a file name, a unit name, or the current command or variable name, the autocompletion is able to show a template for most of the commands indicating the type (and meaning) of the parameters this program expects. To activate this feature press SHIFT+CTRL+SPACE or select the respective menu item (Cell/Show Template).
Computers traditionally stored characters in 8-bit values. This allows for a maximum of 256 different characters. All letters, numbers, and control symbols (end of transmission, end of string, lines and edges for drawing rectangles for menus etc.) of nearly any given language can fit within that limit.
For most countries, the codepage of 256 characters that has been chosen does not include things like Greek letters, though, that are frequently used in mathematics. To overcome this type of limitation Unicode has been invented: An encoding that makes English text work like normal, but to use much more than 256 characters.
Maxima allows Unicode if it was compiled using a Lisp compiler that either supports Unicode or that doesnât care about the font encoding. As at least one of this pair of conditions is likely to be true. WxMaxima provides a method of entering Greek characters using the keyboard:
key | Greek letter | key | Greek letter | key | Greek letter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | alpha | i | iota | r | rho |
b | beta | k | kappa | s | sigma |
g | gamma | l | lambda | t | tau |
d | delta | m | mu | u | upsilon |
e | epsilon | n | nu | f | phi |
z | zeta | x | xi | c | chi |
h | eta | om | omicron | y | psi |
q | theta | p | pi | o | omega |
A | Alpha | I | Iota | R | Rho |
B | Beta | K | Kappa | S | Sigma |
G | Gamma | L | Lambda | T | Tau |
D | Delta | M | Mu | U | Upsilon |
E | Epsilon | N | Nu | P | Phi |
Z | Zeta | X | Xi | C | Chi |
H | Eta | Om | Omicron | Y | Psi |
T | Theta | P | Pi | O | Omega |
You can also use the “Greek letters”-sidebar to enter the Greek letters.
Several Latin letters look like the Greek letters, e.g. the Latin letter “A” and the Greek letter “Alpha”. Although they look identical, they are two different Unicode characters, represented by different Unicode code points (numbers).
This might be problematic, if you assign a value to the variable A and later use the Greek letter Alpha to do something with this variable, especially on printouts. For the Greek letter my (which is also used as prefix for micro) there are also two different Unicode code points.
The “Greek letters”-sidebar therefore has the option, that lookalike characters are not available (which can be changed using a right-click menu).
Aynı mekanizma ayrıca çeşitli matematiksel sembollerin girilmesine izin verir:
keys to enter | mathematical symbol |
---|---|
hbar | Planckâs constant: a h with a horizontal bar above it |
Hbar | a H with a horizontal bar above it |
2 | squared |
3 | to the power of three |
/2 | 1/2 |
partial | partial sign (the d of dx/dt) |
integral | integral sign |
sq | square root |
ii | imaginary |
ee | element |
in | in |
impl implies | implies |
inf | infinity |
empty | empty |
TB | big triangle right |
tb | small triangle right |
and | and |
or | or |
xor | xor |
nand | nand |
nor | nor |
equiv | equivalent to |
not | not |
union | union |
inter | intersection |
subseteq | subset or equal |
subset | subset |
notsubseteq | not subset or equal |
notsubset | not subset |
approx | approximately |
propto | proportional to |
neq != /= or # | not equal to |
+/- or pm | a plus/minus sign |
<= or leq | equal or less than |
>= or geq | equal or greater than |
<< or ll | much less than |
>> or gg | much greater than |
qed | end of proof |
nabla | a nabla operator |
sum | sum sign |
prod | product sign |
exists | there exists sign |
nexists | there is no sign |
parallel | a parallel sign |
perp | a perpendicular sign |
leadsto | a leads to sign |
-> | a right arrow |
–> | a long right arrow |
You can also use the “Symbols”-sidebar to enter these Mathematical symbols.
If a special symbol isnât in the list, it is possible to input arbitrary Unicode characters by pressing ESC [number of the character (hexadecimal)] ESC. Additionally the “symbols” sidebar has a right-click menu that allow to display a list of all available Unicode symbols one can add to this toolbar or to the worksheet.
ESC61ESC therefore results in an a
.
Please note that most of these symbols (notable exceptions are the logic symbols) do not have a special meaning in Maxima and therefore will be interpreted as ordinary characters. If Maxima is compiled using a Lisp that doesnât support Unicode characters they might cause an error message.
It may be the case that e.g. Greek characters or mathematical symbols are not included in the selected font, then they can not be displayed. To solve that problem, select other fonts (using: Edit -> Configure -> Style).
wxMaxima will replace several Unicode characters with their respective Maxima expressions, e.g. “²” with “^2”, “³” with “^3”, the square root sign with the function sqrt()
, the (mathematical) Sigma sign (which is not the same Unicode character as the corresponding Greek letter) with sum()
, etc.
Shortcuts to the most important Maxima commands, things like a table of contents, windows with debug messages or a history of the last issued commands can be accessed using the side panes. They can be enabled using the “View” menu. They all can be moved to other locations inside or outside the wxMaxima window. Other useful panes is the one that allows to input Greek letters using the mouse.
In the “table of contents” side pane, one can increase or decrease a heading by just clicking on the heading with the right mouse button and select the next higher or lower heading type.
Several word processors and similar programs either recognize MathML input and automatically insert it as an editable 2D equation - or (like LibreOffice) have an equation editor that offers an âimport MathML from clipboardâ feature. Others support RTF maths. WxMaxima, therefore, offers several entries in the right-click menu.
WxMaxima offers a set of standard Markdown conventions that donât collide with mathematical notation. One of these elements is bullet lists.
Ordinary text
* One item, indentation level 1
* Another item at indentation level 1
* An item at a second indentation level
* A second item at the second indentation level
* A third item at the first indentation level
Ordinary text
WxMaxima will recognize text starting with >
chars as block quotes:
Ordinary text > quote quote quote quote > quote quote quote quote > quote quote quote quote Ordinary text
_WxMaxima_âs TeX and HTML output will also recognize =>
and replace it by the corresponding Unicode sign:
cogito => sum.
Other symbols the HTML and TeX export will recognize are <=
and >=
for comparisons, a double-pointed double arrow (<=>
), single-headed arrows (<->
, ->
and <-
) and +/-
as the respective sign. For TeX output also <<
and >>
are recognized.
Çoğu kısayol tuşu ilgili menülerin metninde bulunabilir. Aslında menü metninden alındıklarından ve wxMaxima çevirileriyle yerel klavyenin kullanıcılarının ihtiyaçlarına göre özelleştirilebildiğinden, bunları burada belgelemiyoruz. Bununla birlikte, bazı kısayol tuşları veya kısayol takma adları menülerde belgelenmemiştir:
Bir metin hücresi TeX:
ile başlıyorsa, TeX dışa aktarımı TeX:
işaretini izleyen değişmez metni içerir. Bu özelliği kullanmak wxMaxima çalışma kitabına TeX işaretlemesinin girilmesini sağlar.
WxMaxima oturumunda geliştirilen materyal, daha sonra kullanılmak üzere üç yoldan biriyle saklanabilir:
.mac
files are ordinary text files that contain Maxima commands. They can be read using _Maxima_âs batch()
or load()
command or _wxMaxima_âs File/Batch File menu entry.
One example is shown below. Quadratic.mac
defines a function and afterward generates a plot with wxdraw2d()
. Afterward the contents of the file Quadratic.mac
are printed and newly defined function f()
is evaluated.
batch()
Attention: Although the file Quadratic.mac
has a usual Maxima extension (.mac
), it can only be read by wxMaxima, since the command wxdraw2d()
is a wxMaxima-extension to Maxima. (Command line) Maxima will ignore the unknown command wxdraw2d()
and print it as output again.
You can be use .mac
files for writing your own library of macros. But since they donât contain enough structural information they cannot be read back as a wxMaxima session.
.wxm
files contain the worksheet except for _Maxima_âs output. On Maxima versions >5.38 they can be read using _Maxima_âs load()
function just as .mac files can be. With this plain-text format, it sometimes is unavoidable that worksheets that use new features are not downwards-compatible with older versions of wxMaxima.
This is just a plain text file (you can open it with a text editor), containing the cell contents as some special Maxima comments.
It starts with the following comment:
/* [wxMaxima batch file version 1] [ DO NOT EDIT BY HAND! ]*/ /* [ Created with wxMaxima version 24.02.2_DevelopmentSnapshot ] */
And then the cells follow, encoded as Maxima comments, e.g. a section cell:
/* [wxMaxima: section start ]
Title of the section
[wxMaxima: section end ] */
or (in a Math cell the input is of course not commented out (the output is not saved in a wxm
file)):
/* [wxMaxima: input start ] */
f(x):=x^2+1$
f(2);
/* [wxMaxima: input end ] */
Images are Base64 encoded with the image type as first line):
/* [wxMaxima: image start ]
jpg
[very chaotic looking character sequence]
[wxMaxima: image end ] */
A page break is just one line containing:
/* [wxMaxima: page break ] */
And folded cells marked by:
/* [wxMaxima: fold start ] */
...
/* [wxMaxima: fold end ] */
This XML-based file format saves the complete worksheet including things like the zoom factor and the watchlist. It is the preferred file format.
A wxmx
-file seems to be a binary format, but one can handle it with tools, which are included in your OS. It is a zip file, one can decompress it with unzip
(maybe rename it before, so that is recognized by the unzip program of your OS). We do not use the compression function, just the possibility to merge several files into one file - images are already compressed and the rest is simple text (probably much smaller, than huge images, which are included).
It does contain the following files:
mimetype
: this file does contain the mimetype of wxMaxima files: text/x-wxmathml
- format.txt
: a short description about wxMaxima and the wxmx file format - Images (e.g. png, jpeg): inline plots which were produced in the wxMaxima session and included images. - content.xml
: a XML document, which contains the various cells of your document in XML format.So, if something goes wrong, you can unzip a wxMaxima document (maybe rename it before to a zip
-file), maybe make changes in the content.xml
file with a text editor, or replace an broken image, zip the files again, probably rename the zip
to a wxmx
-file - and you get another modified wxmx
-file.
Bazı yaygın yapılandırma değişkenleri için wxMaxima iki yapılandırma yöntemi sunar:
Yeni animasyonlar için kullanılan animasyon karesi `wxanimate_framerate ’değişkeninde tutulur. Bu değişkenin yeni bir çalışma sayfasında içereceği ilk değer, yapılandırma iletişim kutusu kullanılarak değiştirilebilir.
After the next start, plots embedded into the worksheet will be created with this size if the value of wxplot_size
isnât changed by maxima.
In order to set the plot size of a single graph only use the following notation can be used that sets a variableâs value for one command only:
Bu seçenek iki şeyi etkinleştirir:
If this option is set, the file where the worksheet is will be overwritten only the request of the user. In case of a crash/power loss/… a recent backup copy is still made available in the temp directory, though.
If this option isnât set wxMaxima behaves more like a modern cellphone app:
If you are using Unix/Linux, the configuration information will be saved in a file .wxMaxima
in your home directory (if you are using wxWidgets < 3.1.1), or .config/wxMaxima.conf
((XDG-Standard) if wxWidgets >= 3.1.1 is used). You can retrieve the wxWidgets version from the command wxbuild_info();
or by using the menu option Help->About. wxWidgets is the cross-platform GUI library, which is the base for wxMaxima (therefore the wx
in the name). (Since the filename starts with a dot, .wxMaxima
or .config
will be hidden).
If you are using Windows, the configuration will be stored in the registry. You will find the entries for wxMaxima at the following position in the registry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\wxMaxima
WxMaxima is primarily a graphical user interface for Maxima. As such, its main purpose is to pass along commands to Maxima and to report the results of executing those commands. In some cases, however, wxMaxima adds functionality to Maxima. _WxMaxima_âs ability to generate reports by exporting a workbookâs contents to HTML and LaTeX files has been mentioned. This section considers some ways that wxMaxima enhances the inclusion of graphics in a session.
wxsubscripts
specifies, if (and how) wxMaxima will autosubscript variable names:
If it is false
, the functionality is off, wxMaxima will not autosubscript part of variable names after an underscore.
If it is set to 'all
, everything after an underscore will be subscripted.
If it is set to true
variable names of the format x_y
are displayed using a subscript if
x
or y
is a single letter or - y
is an integer (can include more than one character).If the variable name doesnât match these requirements, it can still be declared as “to be subscripted” using the command wxdeclare_subscript(variable_name);
or wxdeclare_subscript([variable_name1,variable_name2,...]);
Declaring a variable as subscripted can be reverted using the following command: wxdeclare_subscript(variable_name,false);
You can use the menu “View->Autosubscript” to set these values.
Long-running commands can provide user feedback in the status bar. This user feedback is replaced by any new feedback that is placed there (allowing to use it as a progress indicator) and is deleted as soon as the current command sent to Maxima is finished. It is safe to use wxstatusbar()
even in libraries that might be used with plain Maxima (as opposed to wxMaxima): If wxMaxima isnât present the wxstatusbar()
command will just be left unevaluated.
for i:1 thru 10 do (
/* Tell the user how far we got */
wxstatusbar(concat("Pass ",i)),
/* (sleep n) is a Lisp function, which can be used */
/* with the character "?" before. It delays the */
/* program execution (here: for 3 seconds) */
?sleep(3)
)$
Çizim (temel olarak grafiklerle ilgili çalışmak), grafik kullanıcı arayüzünün orijinal programa bazı uzantılar sağlamak zorunda kalacağı bir yerdir.
Maxima normally instructs the external program Gnuplot to open a separate window for every diagram it creates. Since many times it is convenient to embed graphs into the worksheet instead wxMaxima provides its own set of plot functions that donât differ from the corresponding maxima functions save in their name: They are all prefixed by a âwxâ.
The following plotting functions have wx-counterparts:
wxMaximaâs plot function | Maximaâs plot function |
---|---|
wxplot2d() |
plot2d |
wxplot3d() |
plot3d |
wxdraw2d() |
draw2d |
wxdraw3d() |
draw2d |
wxdraw() |
draw |
wximplicit_plot() |
implicit_plot |
wxhistogram() |
histogram |
wxscatterplot() |
scatterplot |
wxbarsplot() |
barsplot |
wxpiechart() |
piechart |
wxboxplot() |
boxplot |
If a wxm
-file is read by (console) Maxima, these functions are ignored (and printed as output, as other unknown functions in Maxima).
As noted above, the configure dialog provides a way to change the default size plots created which sets the starting value of wxplot_size
. The plotting routines of wxMaxima respect this variable that specifies the size of a plot in pixels. It can always be queried or used to set the size of the following plots:
If the size of only one plot is to be changed Maxima provides a canonical way to change an attribute only for the current cell. In this usage the specification wxplot_size = [value1, value2]
is appended to the wxdraw2d( )
command, and is not part of the wxdraw2d
command.
Setting the size of embedded plot with wxplot_size
works for embedded plots using e.g. wxplot
, wxdraw
, wxcontour_plot
and wximplicit_plot
commands and for embedded animations with with_slider_draw
and wxanimate
commands.
Gnuplot doesnât seem to provide a portable way of determining whether it supports the high-quality bitmap output that the Cairo library provides. On systems where Gnuplot is compiled to use this library the pngCairo option from the configuration menu (that can be overridden by the variable wxplot_pngcairo
) enables support for antialiasing and additional line styles. If wxplot_pngCairo
is set without Gnuplot supporting this the result will be error messages instead of graphics.
If a plot was generated using the wxdraw
-type commands (wxplot2d
and wxplot3d
isnât supported by this feature) and the file size of the underlying Gnuplot project isnât way too high wxMaxima offers a right-click menu that allows to open the plot in an interactive Gnuplot window.
plot
windowsOn MS Windows, there are two Gnuplot programs, gnuplot.exe
and wgnuplot.exe
. You can configure, which command should be used using the configuration menu. wgnuplot.exe
offers the possibility to open a console window, where gnuplot commands can be entered into, gnuplot.exe
does not offer this possibility. Unfortunately, wgnuplot.exe
causes Gnuplot to “steal” the keyboard focus for a short time every time a plot is prepared.
3D diagrams tend to make it hard to read quantitative data. A viable alternative might be to assign the 3rd parameter to the mouse wheel. The with_slider_draw
command is a version of wxdraw2d
that does prepare multiple plots and allows to switch between them by moving the slider on top of the screen. WxMaxima allows to export this animation as an animated gif.
With_slider_draw
için ilk iki argüman, grafikler arasında basamaklanan değişkenin adı ve bu değişkenin değerlerinin bir listesidir. Aşağıdaki argümanlar “wxdraw2d” için sıradan argümanlardır:
with_slider_draw(
f,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10],
title=concat("f=",f,"Hz"),
explicit(
sin(2*%pi*f*x),
x,0,1
),grid=true
);
3D grafikler için aynı işleve, 3d grafikleri döndürmeye izin veren `with_slider_draw3d
ile erişilebilir:
wxanimate_autoplay:true;
wxanimate_framerate:20;
with_slider_draw3d(
α,makelist(i,i,1,360,3),
title=sconcat("α=",α),
surface_hide=true,
contour=both,
view=[60,α],
explicit(
sin(x)*sin(y),
x,-Ï,Ï,
y,-Ï,Ï
)
)$
If the general shape of the plot is what matters it might suffice to move the plot just a little bit in order to make its 3D nature available to the intuition:
wxanimate_autoplay:true;
wxanimate_framerate:20;
with_slider_draw3d(
t,makelist(i,i,0,2*Ï,.05*Ï),
title=sconcat("α=",α),
surface_hide=true,
contour=both,
view=[60,30+5*sin(t)],
explicit(
sin(x)*y^2,
x,-2*Ï,2*Ï,
y,-2*Ï,2*Ï
)
)$
For those more familiar with plot
than with draw
, there is a second set of functions:
with_slider
and - wxanimate
.Normally the animations are played back or exported with the frame rate chosen in the configuration of wxMaxima. To set the speed at an individual animation is played back the variable wxanimate_framerate
can be used:
The animation functions use _Maxima_âs makelist
command and therefore share the pitfall that the slider variableâs value is substituted into the expression only if the variable is directly visible in the expression. Therefore the following example will fail:
f:sin(a*x);
with_slider_draw(
a,makelist(i/2,i,1,10),
title=concat("a=",float(a)),
grid=true,
explicit(f,x,0,10)
)$
If Maxima is explicitly asked to substitute the sliderâs value plotting works fine instead:
f:sin(a*x);
with_slider_draw(
b,makelist(i/2,i,1,10),
title=concat("a=",float(b)),
grid=true,
explicit(
subst(a=b,f),
x,0,10
)
)$
While not being provided by wxMaxima this feature of Maxima (on setups that support it) sometimes comes in handily. The following example comes from a post from Mario Rodriguez to the Maxima mailing list:
```maxima load(draw);
/* Parabola in window #1 */ draw2d(terminal=[wxt,1],explicit(x^2,x,-1,1));
/* Parabola in window #2 */ draw2d(terminal=[wxt,2],explicit(x^2,x,-1,1));
/* Paraboloid in window #3 */ draw3d(terminal=[wxt,3],explicit(x2+y2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1)); ```
Plotting multiple plots in the same window is possible, too (the same is possible in command line Maxima with the standard draw()
command):
wxdraw(
gr2d(
key="sin (x)",grid=[2,2],
explicit(sin(x),x,0,2*%pi)),
gr2d(
key="cos (x)",grid=[2,2],
explicit(cos(x),x,0,2*%pi))
);
The “Plot using draw” sidebar hides a simple code generator that allows generating scenes that make use of some of the flexibility of the draw package maxima comes with.
Generates the skeleton of a draw()
command that draws a 2D scene. This scene later has to be filled with commands that generate the sceneâs contents, for example by using the buttons in the rows below the “2D” button.
One helpful feature of the 2D button is that it allows to set up the scene as an animation in which a variable (by default it is t) has a different value in each frame: Often a moving 2D plot allows easier interpretation than the same data in a non-moving 3D one.
Generates the skeleton of a draw()
command that draws a 3D scene. If neither a 2D nor a 3D scene is set up, all of the other buttons set up a 2D scene that contains the command the button generates.
İmlecin içinde bulunduğu draw ()
komutuna sin (x)
, x * sin (x)
veya x ^ 2 + 2 * x-4
gibi bir ifadenin standart grafiğini ekler. çizim ile bir 2D sahne oluşturulur çizme komutu yoktur. Her sahne herhangi bir sayıda çizim ile doldurulabilir.
Y = sin (x)
, y * sin (x) = 3
veyax ^ 2 + y ^ 2 = 4
gibi bir ifadenin tüm noktalarını bulmaya çalışır ve sonuçtaki eğriyi `imlecin içinde bulunduğu draw ()
komutu. Draw komutu yoksa çizim içeren bir 2D sahne oluşturulur.
Bir değişkeni alt sınırdan üst sınıra çevirir ve a’nın x, y (ve 3B grafiklerde de z) koordinatlarını oluşturmak için t * sin (t)
ve t * cos (t)
gibi iki ifade kullanır geçerli çizim komutuna konan eğri.
İsteğe bağlı olarak birleştirilebilen birçok nokta çizer. Noktaların koordinatları bir liste listesinden, bir 2D diziden veya her eksen için bir listeden veya diziden alınır.
Diyagramın üst ucuna bir başlık çizer,
Ekseni ayarlar.
(Only for 3D plots): Adds contour lines similar to the ones one can find in a map of a mountain to the plot commands that follow in the current draw()
command and/or to the ground plane of the diagram. Alternatively, this wizard allows skipping drawing the curves entirely only showing the contour plot.
Adds a legend entry showing the next plotâs name to the legend of the diagram. An empty name disables generating legend entries for the following plots.
Sets the line colour for the following plots the current draw command contains.
Sets the fill colour for the following plots the current draw command contains.
Izgara çizgilerini ayarlamaya izin veren bir sihirbaz açar.
Herhangi bir çizim programının parçası olan hız ve doğruluk dengesinde yeterli bir noktanın seçilmesini sağlar.
Especially when you use a high resolution display, the default font size might be very small. For the draw
-based commands, you can set the font / font size using options like font=...
, font_size=...
, e.g.:
For the plot
-commands (e.g. wxplot2d
, wxplot3d
) font sizes and fonts can be set using the gnuplot_preamble
command, e.g.:
wxplot2d(sin(x),[x,1,10],
[gnuplot_preamble, "set tics font \"Arial, 30\"; set xlabel font \",20\"; set ylabel font \",20\";"]);
This sets the font for the numbers to Arial with size 30, the size for the xlabel and ylabel font to 20 (with the default font).
Read the Maxima and Gnuplot documentation for further information. Note: Gnuplot seems to have issues with larger font sizes, see wxMaxima issue 1966.
If the .wxmx
file format is being used embedding files in a wxMaxima project can be done as easily as per drag-and-drop. But sometimes (for example if an imageâs contents might change later on in a session) it is better to tell the file to load the image on evaluation:
maxima show_image("man.png");
WxMaxima’ın yapılandırma iletişim kutusu, başlangıçta yürütülen komutlarla iki dosyayı düzenlemeyi önerir:
maxima-init.mac
- one file of additional commands that are executed if wxMaxima is starting Maxima: wxmaxima-init.mac
For example, if Gnuplot is installed in /opt
(maybe on MacOS), you can add gnuplot_command:"/opt/local/bin/gnuplot"$
(or /opt/gnuplot/bin/gnuplot
or any other path) to these files.
These files are in the Maxima user directory (usually %USERPROFILE%/maxima
in Windows, $HOME/.maxima
otherwise). The location can be found out with the command: maxima_userdir;
wxsubscripts
tells Maxima if it should convert variable names that contain an underscore (R_150
or the like) into subscripted variables. See wxdeclare_subscript
for details which variable names are automatically converted. - wxfilename
: This variable contains the name of the file currently opened in wxMaxima. - wxdirname
: This variable contains the name the directory, in which the file currently opened in wxMaxima is. - wxplot_pngcairo
tells whether wxMaxima tries to use _Gnuplot_âs pngcairo terminal that provides more line styles and a better overall graphics quality. - wxplot_size
defines the resolution of embedded plots. - wxchangedir
: On most operating systems wxMaxima automatically sets _Maxima_âs working directory to the directory of the current file. This allows file I/O (e.g. by read_matrix
) to work without specifying the whole path to the file that has to be read or written. On Windows this feature sometimes causes error messages and therefore can be set to false
from the config dialogue. - wxanimate_framerate
: The number of frames per second the following animations have to be played back with. - wxanimate_autoplay
: Automatically play animations by default? - wxmaximaversion
: Returns the version number of wxMaxima. - wxwidgetsversion
: Returns the wxWidgets version wxMaxima is using.The function table_form()
displays a 2D list in a form that is more readable than the output from _Maxima_âs default output routine. The input is a list of one or more lists. Like the “print” command, this command displays output even when ended with a dollar sign. Ending the command with a semicolon results in the same table along with a “done” statement.
Bir sonraki örnekte gösterildiği gibi, table_form
komutu ile birleştirilen listeler komut yürütülmeden önce oluşturulabilir.
Ayrıca, bir matris bir liste listesi olduğundan, matrisler benzer şekilde tablolara dönüştürülebilir.
WxMaxima provides a few functions that gather bug reporting information about the current system:
wxbuild_info()
gathers information about the currently running version of wxMaxima - wxbug_report()
tells how and where to file bugs_Maxima_âs box()
command causes wxMaxima to print its argument with a red foreground, if the second argument to the command is the text highlight
.
WxMaximaâs help menu provides access to the Maxima and wxMaxima manual, tips, some example worksheets and in command line Maxima included demos (the demo()
command).
Please notice, that the demos write:
~~~ At the â_â prompt, type â;â and
That is valid for command-line Maxima, however in wxMaxima by default it is necessary to continue the demonstration with: CTRL+ENTER
(That can be configured in the Configure->Worksheet->“Hotkeys for sending commands to Maxima” menu.)
Since Maxima (the program that does the actual mathematics) and wxMaxima (providing the easy-to-use user interface) are separate programs that communicate by the means of a local network connection. Therefore the most probable cause is that this connection is somehow not working. For example, a firewall could be set up in a way that it doesnât just prevent unauthorized connections from the internet (and perhaps intercept some connections to the internet, too), but also blocks inter-process-communication inside the same computer. Note that since Maxima is being run by a Lisp processor the process communication that is blocked does not necessarily have to be named “maxima”. Common names of the program that opens the network connection would be sbcl, gcl, ccl, lisp.exe, or similar names.
On Unix computers another possible reason would be that the loopback network that provides network connections between two programs in the same computer isnât properly configured.
Internally most modern XML-based formats are ordinary zip files. WxMaxima doesnât turn on compression, so the contents of .wxmx
files can be viewed in any text editor.
If the zip signature at the end of the file is still intact after renaming a broken .wxmx
file to .zip
most operating systems will provide a way to extract any portion of the information that is stored inside it. This can be done when there is a need of recovering the original image files from a text processor document. If the zip signature isnât intact that does not need to be the end of the world: If wxMaxima during saving detected that something went wrong there will be a .wxmx~
file whose contents might help.
And even if there isnât such a file: The .wxmx
file is a container format and the XML portion is stored uncompressed. It it is possible to rename the .wxmx
file to a .txt
file and to use a text editor to recover the XML portion of the fileâs contents (it starts with <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
and ends with </wxMaximaDocument>
. Before and after that text you will see some unreadable binary contents in the text editor).
If a text file containing only these contents (e.g. copy and paste this text into a new file) is saved as a file ending in .xml
, wxMaxima will know how to recover the text from the document.
has finished
Normalde wxMaxima, 2B formülün tamamının dizilmeye başlamadan önce aktarılmasını bekler. Bu, sadece kısmen tamamlanmış bir denklemi dizmek için birçok girişimde bulunmak için zaman kazandırır. Bununla birlikte, geçerli Maxima komutunun bitmesini beklemeden hemen hata ayıklama çıktısı sağlayacak bir ’disp` komutu vardır:
for i:1 thru 10 do (
disp(i),
/* (sleep n) is a Lisp function, which can be used */
/* with the character "?" before. It delays the */
/* program execution (here: for 3 seconds) */
?sleep(3)
)$
Alternatively one can look for the wxstatusbar()
command above.
This means that wxMaxima could not read the file Maxima that was supposed to instruct Gnuplot to create.
Bu hatanın olası nedenleri:
implicit_plot
but this package was not loaded by _Maxima_âs load()
command before trying to plot. - Maxima tried to do something the currently installed version of Gnuplot isnât able to understand. In this case, a file ending in .gnuplot
located in the directory, which _Maxima_âs variable maxima_userdir
is pointing, contains the instructions from Maxima to Gnuplot. Most of the time, this fileâs contents therefore are helpful when debugging the problem. - Gnuplot was instructed to use the pngCairo library that provides antialiasing and additional line styles, but it was not compiled to support this possibility. Solution: Uncheck the “Use the Cairo terminal for the plot” checkbox in the configuration dialog and donât set wxplot_pngcairo
to true from Maxima. - Gnuplot didnât output a valid .png
file.The value of the slider variable by default is only substituted into the expression that is to be plotted if it is visible there. Using a subst
command that substitutes the slider variable into the equation to plot resolves this problem. At the end of section Embedding animations into the spreadsheet, you can see an example.
Hücre işlemleri ve hücrelerin içindeki değişiklikler için ayrı geri alma işlevleri vardır, bu nedenle bunun gerçekleşme ihtimali düşüktür. Varsa, verileri kurtarmak için birkaç yöntem vardır:
maxima playback();
One possible reason is that Maxima cannot be found in the location that is set in the âMaximaâ tab of _wxMaxima_âs configuration dialog and therefore wonât run at all. Setting the path to a working Maxima binary should fix this problem.
It is theoretically possible that wxMaxima doesnât realize that Maxima has finished calculating and therefore never gets informed it can send new data to Maxima. If this is the case âTrigger evaluationâ might resynchronize the two programs.
The Lisp compiler SBCL by default comes with a memory limit that allows it to run even on low-end computers. When compiling a big software package like Lapack or dealing with extremely big lists of equations this limit might be too low. In order to extend the limits, SBCL can be provided with the command line parameter --dynamic-space-size
that tells SBCL how many megabytes it should reserve. A 32bit Windows-SBCL can reserve up to 999 Megabytes. A 64-bit SBCL version running on Windows can be instructed to use more than the about 1280 Megabytes compiling Lapack needs.
One way to provide Maxima (and thus SBCL) with command line parameters is the “Additional parameters for Maxima” field of _wxMaxima_âs configuration dialogue.
İbus-gtk
paketinin yüklenmesi bu sorunu çözmelidir. Bkz. ([Https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/wxwidgets3.0/+bug/1421558 yetersiz(https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/wxwidgets3.0/+bug/ 1421558)).
Maxima’nız SBCL’ye dayanıyorsa, aşağıdaki satırların .sbclrc`inize eklenmesi gerekir:
commonlisp (setf sb-impl::*default-external-format* :utf-8)
The folder where this file has to be placed is system- and installation-specific. But any SBCL-based Maxima that already has evaluated a cell in the current session will happily tell where it can be found after getting the following command:
:lisp (sb-impl::userinit-pathname)
There seem to be issues with the Wayland Display Server and wxWidgets. WxMaxima may be affected, e.g. that sidebars are not moveable.
You can either disable Wayland and use X11 instead (globally) or just tell, that wxMaxima should use the X Window System by setting: GDK_BACKEND=x11
E.g. start wxMaxima with:
GDK_BACKEND=x11 wxmaxima
Either wxWidgets wasnât compiled with support for Microsoftâs webview2 or Microsoftâs webview2 isnât installed.
The HTML browser might be a snap, flatpack or appimage version. All of these typically cannot access files that are installed on your local system. Another reason might be that maxima or wxMaxima is installed as a snap, flatpack or something else that doesnât give the host system access to its contents. A third reason might be that the maxima HTML manual isnât installed and the online one cannot be accessed.
The worksheet embeds `.png files. WxMaxima allows the user to specify where they should be generated:
If a different format is to be used, it is easier to generate the images and then import them into the worksheet again:
load("draw");
pngdraw(name,[contents]):=
(
draw(
append(
[
terminal=pngcairo,
dimensions=wxplot_size,
file_name=name
],
contents
)
),
show_image(printf(false,"~a.png",name))
);
pngdraw2d(name,[contents]):=
pngdraw(name,gr2d(contents));
pngdraw2d("Test",
explicit(sin(x),x,1,10)
);
Use the variable wxplot_size
:
messages like
1 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd91726 _ZN15MenuBarInstance22EnsureAutoShowObserverEv + 102 2 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd912b8 _ZN15MenuBarInstance14EnableAutoShowEv + 52 3 HIToolbox 0x00007ff80cd35908 SetMenuBarObscured + 408 ...
This might be an issue with the operating system. Disable the hiding of the menu bar (SystemSettings => Desktop & Dock => Menu Bar) might solve the issue. See wxMaxima issue #1746 for more information.
Yes. Use the LaTeX package “geometry” to specify the size of the borders.
You can add the following line to the LaTeX preamble (for example by using the respective field in the config dialogue (“Export”->“Additional lines for the TeX preamble”), to set borders of 1cm):
latex \usepackage[left=1cm,right=1cm,top=1cm,bottom=1cm]{geometry}
If wxWidgets is new enough, wxMaxima will automatically be in dark mode if the rest of the operating system is. The worksheet itself is by default equipped with a bright background. But it can be configured otherwise. Alternatively, there is a View/Invert worksheet brightness
menu entry that allows to quickly convert the worksheet from dark to bright and vice versa.
WxMaxima delegates some big tasks like parsing _Maxima_âs >1000-page-manual to background tasks, which normally goes totally unnoticed. At the moment the result of such a task is needed, though, it is possible that wxMaxima needs to wait a couple of seconds before it can continue its work.
(The same problem can occur with other applications too). The translations seem okay after you click on âOKâ. WxMaxima does not only use its own translations but the translations of the wxWidgets framework too.
These locales maybe not present in the system. On Ubuntu/Debian systems they can be generated using: dpkg-reconfigure locales
You can find these symbols in the Unicode sidebar (search for âdouble-struck capitalâ). But the selected font must also support these symbols. If they do not display properly, select another font.
command line Maxima?
If wxMaxima is used, the Maxima variable maxima_frontend
is set to wxmaxima
. The Maxima variable maxima_frontend_version
contains the wxMaxima version in this case.
If no frontend is used (you are using command line Maxima), these variables are false
.
Usually you can start programs with a graphical user interface just by clicking on a desktop icon or desktop menu entry. WxMaxima - if started from the command line - still provides some command-line switches, though.
-v
veya--version
: Sürüm bilgisini çıktılar-h
veya--help
: Kısa bir yardım metni çıkarır-o
or --open=<str>
: Open the filename given as an argument to this command-line switch-e
veya--eval
: Dosyayı açtıktan sonra değerlendirin.-b
or --batch
: If the command-line opens a file all cells in this file are evaluated and the file is saved afterward. This is for example useful if the session described in the file makes Maxima generate output files. Batch-processing will be stopped if wxMaxima detects that Maxima has output an error and will pause if Maxima has a question: Mathematics is somewhat interactive by nature so a completely interaction-free batch processing cannot always be guaranteed.--logtostderr
: Log all “debug messages” sidebar messages to stderr, too.--pipe
: Pipe messages from Maxima to stdout.--exit-on-error
: Close the program on any maxima error.-f
or --ini=<str>
: Use the init file that was given as an argument to this command-line switch-u
, --use-version=<str>
: Use maxima version <str>
.-l
, --lisp=<str>
: Use a Maxima compiled with Lisp compiler <str>
.-X
, --extra-args=<str>
: Allows to specify extra Maxima arguments-m
or --maxima=<str>
: allows specifying the location of the maxima binary--enableipc
: Lets Maxima control wxMaxima via interprocess communications. Use this option with care.--wxmathml-lisp=<str>
: Location of wxMathML.lisp (if not the built-in should be used, mainly for developers).Instead of a minus, some operating systems might use a dash in front of the command-line switches.
wxMaxima is mainly developed using the programming language C++ using the wxWidgets framework, as build system we use CMake, a small part is written in Lisp. You can contribute to wxMaxima, join the wxMaxima project at https://github.com/wxMaxima-developers/wxmaxima, if you have knowledge of these programming languages and want to help and contribute to the open source project wxMaxima.
But not only programmers are necessary! You can also contribute to wxMaxima, if you help to improve the documentation, find and report bugs (and maybe bugfixes), suggest new features, help to translate wxMaxima or the manual to your language (read the README.md in the locale subdirectory how wxMaxima and the manual can be translated).
Or answer questions of other users in the discussion forum.
The source code of wxMaxima is documented using Doxygen here.
The program is nearly self-contained, so except for system libraries (and the wxWidgets library), no external dependencies (like graphic files or the Lisp part (the wxmathML.lisp
-file) is needed, these files are included in the executable.
If you are a developer, you might want to try out a modified wxmathML.lisp
-file without recompiling everything, one can use the command line option --wxmathml-lisp=<str>
to use another Lisp file, not the included one.